Imagine an African country that accounts for more that 40% of a multinational oil corporation’s profits, but has unending lines at the gas pump.
Imagine a multinational (SHELL) so nestled in the relationship with the leaders of that country, that they can send a brutal force to massacre an upstart village refusing to cede oil-rich land*. That’s Nigeria for you!
If you have not had the chance to watch a screening of “The Age of Stupid”, go and see the film. Among others, you will see the story of Layefa Malemi, a Niger Delta girl with aspirations of becoming a good doctor and live an American-style life, but must first catch fish and sell illicit diesel to get her fees.
The little fish she is able to catch is so polluted with oil, that she scrubs it with OMO before selling or cooking it!
*”Days later, Shell met the director general of the state security services to “reiterate our request for support from the army and police”. In a confidential note Shell suggested: “We will have to encourage follow-through into real action preferably on an industry rather than just Shell basis”. The Nigerian regime responded by sending in the Internal Security Task Force, a military unit led by Colonel Paul Okuntimo, a brutal soldier, widely condemned by human rights groups, whose men allegedly raped pregnant women and girls and who tortured at will. Okuntimo boasted of knowing more than 200 ways to kill a person.”
SHELL has an efficient PR machinery to counter the negative effects of her 50 years in Nigeria, but needs to do much more than give token compensation to plaintiffs representing the inhabitants of lands from which SHELL gets her profits (Ken Saro Wiwa, the Ogoni people, USD 15 million fund). The oil spills must be cleaned up, regardless of how they came about, so that the people do not have to eat fish scrubbed with commercial detergents.
More importantly, the continued flaring of gas that accompanies oil drilling needs to be stopped. It has been connected to rising cases of skin diseases, respiratory illnesses and cancer.
Ironically, if SHELL were to refine and bottle the gas that is wasted in this way and offer it to the Nigerian people, the PR, legal wrangles and financial settlements would become unnecessary!
It is a great ambition for a country that has yet to develop a decent national electricity grid. But Kenya’s PM and former Minister of Energy is an ambitious man. It is not the first time that the subject has been broached, and it emerges that Kenya has been courting western partners for more than a year:
1 billion USD translates into 73-75 billion Kenya shillings, and it is not unusual in Kenya that the initial costs of a project are drastically revised upwards after inception. In this case, Kenya’s own lack of knowledge on the subject would make such a project a blank cheque for the experts.
Common people like me have a hard time visualising a landscape dotted with high-security nuclear facilites, white plumes of steam rising out of cooling towers, and gleaming pylons joined by wires buzzing with power. I have not even set eyes on such a facility here in Europe!
Why should France pick Kenya, of all other possible candidates, to be the recipient of this “assistance”?
Some digging reveals that this is part of a French-Britain (Brown- Sarkozy) pact to bring nuclear energy to the world.
It surely cannot be because we have exhausted all our options. I’m certain that it is not because our grid is complete and we have already connected every citizen but our generating capacity is unable to feed the needs of our population.
Nuclear power is not a joke. Those who experienced Chernobyl know that the risks of plant failure are very high. In fact, such is the scare that Chernobyl caused, that some countries in Western Europe are busy decommissioning nuclear power plants, except…..France.
Frequently, we see harrowing pictures of the charred remains of Kenyans who swarm around an overturned petrol tanker, collecting the volatile stuff, until somone lights a cigarette or shorts the battery, incinerating all in the vicinity in a exploding fireball. Would a people so poorly informed about the dangers of petroleum understand the danger inherent in barrels of radiocative waste?
I hope that France is not serious about setting up anything nuclear in Kenya, because they have not solved their own nuclear riddles adequately to be exporting their technology to a third-world country.
According to Greenpeace, there are tons of nuclear waste in France waiting to cause a disaster inside France, either through human error or as a result of sabotage by terrorists. Greenpeace goes on to question France’s claims of success in the nuclear field.
Greenpeace’s stance is not the only one. There are also people in the opposite camp who fully support the French nuclear programme and cite very favourable figures when compared to other sources.
One ommission in the pro-nuclear camp is the biggest question of nuclear energy: what do we do with the waste?
Solutions mentioned in pro-nuclear publications, including Jerome’s blog, are never definitive. They revolve around ‘parking’ or ‘hiding’ the waste until a day in the future when it can be processed. This is Greenpeace’s major gripe and it also negates whatever positive CO2 benefits nuclear energy boasts.
What if the French, under the guise of helping Kenya, exported their waste into our country?
Any well-informed person does not have to wrack their memory to recall the Mururoa Atoll. Despite opposition from her allies and inhabitants of the Polynesian Islands, the French went ahead and detonated nuclear devices repeatedly in the area.
Before we all get excited by our PM’s latest foreign conquest and the promises he brought with him, we should ask ourselves whether the nuclear option is viable in Kenya, and whether we have examined all other vailable options.
Are we really ready for the nuclear option and could we live with the scrutiny and distrust surrounding the Iranian nuclear programme? Could Kenya be able to provide the security and safeguards that are necessary in these days of terrorist threats and rogue nations seeking illicit supplies of weapons-grade nuclear material.
I hope that nobody takes our PM seriously in his flirt with plutonium, and he ought to be solving our problems using means that are easily within reach, such as the abundant sunshine!
Dry weather in Kenya has not only affected the energy sector, but has also wrought untold misery on those whose livelihoods depend on good rains and moderate sunshine:
Nomadic pastoralists abhor the destruction of livestock.
In traditional society, a man’s wealth and stature was measured by the size of his herd. Today, cattle still occupy an important position in social transactions. The value of a wife equals the number of cattle turned over to the in-laws for her hand in marriage. Thus, cattle are the glue that holds families and clans together. To the owners, the surrender of their herds must have felt like a spear right through the rib-cage!
It is inevitable that questions arise at the sight of the last-minute buy-off of so many beasts, most of which were too weak to live and too unhealthy to be slaughtered..
Firstly, the government was aware that the climate had not been kind to the farmer or the herdsman. In June, there were herds of cattle grazing on the poor pickings next to busy highways, meaning that the usual grazing grounds were depleted.
Roaring business selling water in Nairobi.
Why was there nothing done then to relieve the cattle-holders? Then, the animals still had some meat on their bones and could have fetched a better price.
Secondly, the nomadic-pastoralist lifestyle and the eternal battles with the elements has been discussed in text-books and World Bank studies as long as I can recall. In most cases, the conclusion is that the free range lands for nomadic activities are virtually non-existent.
Collective ownership of land has gradually given way to titled, individual ownership.
Among the pastoralist communities, those who caught on to the benefits of private ownership now boast hundreds of hectares of fenced-off ranches. Those left landless have to trespass and engage in running battles with custodians of national parks, reserved for the tourist and the wild beasts.
"Illegal" Grazing In Nairobi National Park
It is clearly no longer realistic to have communities that depend wholly on herds of cattle if they do not have access to vast common land.
Now, about the sun. Left to its devices in 2008-2009, it has been a merciless enemy. It dries up the few common watering holes there are for the nomads, turns the savannah brown and burns it into a barren, black carpet. A superstitious being could easily believe that they have been cursed by their ancestors, their lands turned into a hell where their beasts perish in the dust…..
Need this be so, these cycles of bountiful lushness and stretches of misery in dust-bowls?
The same sun, if we have foresight and a willingness to invest and pre-empt disaster, could have saved those beasts and also given the herdsmen a more secure way of life. How?
In the Australian outback, which is just as harsh as the savannah, the use of photovoltaic panels to run water pumps is quite common. The water that they suck out of the earth (wells, rivers and lakes) is used to water livestock or to irrigate crops. With a raised water storage facility present to hold the water and deliver it by gravity to the troughs crops, no expensive storage batteries are needed.
The initial expenditure for such a system may seem daunting, but the benefits are evident and enduring.
If the Kenyan government is keen to avoid a repeat of the Kenya Meat Commission’s twelfth-hour “rescue” of dying beasts, it must help the Maasai, Samburu, Rendille, Boran and other pastoralist communities secure water supplies during drier periods. There is water in the ground, and the scrubland can be permanently green, if there is a will.
For their part, the nomadic-pastoralists may have to adjust to the economic realities of today’s Kenya. The community can remain cohesive if it collectively develops and manages a common pump-fed watering and irrigation facility. United by the blessed sun!
There are not many free range lands, and the movement of large herds over hundreds of kilometres is no longer viable. Perhaps it is time too to look at the quality of the herd instead of the quantity,…. for a proud father to accept one fat bull and 3 fertile cows for his daughter, instead of twenty scrawny specimens destined for the KMC graveyard.
The FAQ on Desertec’s site is clear about the geographical scope of the project: Europe, Middle East and North Africa.
Your approach includes only North Africa. What about the rest of Africa and other countries?
For a cooperation and integration into the European grid, MENA is – because of its proximity to Europe – obviously more suitable, than Central or South Africa
Renewables in general and CSP in particular, are also suitable for the rest of Africa and it will profit by the cost reductions developed in the north.
Central Africa has large hydropower resources considered by the North African countries (eg. Egypt) as a strategic reserve for its electricity supply. If North Africa, however, uses its own solar resources, Central Africa remains its most important resource.
We also campaign there and in China, Australia, America and India for a realisation of DESERTEC “Clean Power from Deserts,” but our resources are limited.
That is why we are founding regional DESERTEC Networks, which can benefit from our know-how and the studies.
So, Desertec is a commercial deal between the Western European energy giants, who want to capitalize on CSP technology, and the leaders of MENA countries, who have vast desert lands in close proximity to the European power grids.
It would be naive for the excluded African countries to expect Desertec to consider countries too far away to be of use for their primary goal of adding MENA desert energy to their existing stocks.
Fortunately, most of the continent enjoys solar radiation levels suited to CSP technology. The energy potential remains the same without Desertec. However, if we want to explore CSP technology, we have to court other CSP partners willing to make their profit through the sale of know-how, or co-ownership of African energy companies.
The idea of Africa South of the Sahara as an unprofitable area of operation – as implied by Desertec – is a fallacy. One need only look at the enormous profits and growth mobile telecommunications have experienced in the region. Their success lies in having jumped in where state-operated landline systems had failed, leaving a poulace willing to pay any price to communicate. The same situation prevails now in the field of electrical power.
What are our options?
The most important thing to do is not to be drawn into technology wars (PV-technology vs. CSP). We are simply not equipped to make an imprint there. The African strategy should hinge on two points:
1. Catch up with PV-technology and equip the common man so that we can reap the benefits of advances made in Europe, the USA and Asia;
2. Work with positively inclined CSP developers and entrepreneurs who are amenable to investing in Africa South of The Sahara. Emphasis should be to decentralize and reduce dependence on long, vulnerable power transportation lines as envisioned by Desertec. The reason why we should apply the technology at small to medium scale should be obvious: we do not have the massive capital or intra-national grid cohesion that is needed for that setup.
Challenge number one is to get our policy-makers to take solar more seriously than they have done to date.
Desertec represents the second phase a solar revolution that Africa has practically missed out on. In the past decade, in what we could term Phase 1, the USA, Europe and parts of Asia have adopted PV based solar energy so well that it is no longer a curious conservationists’ concept. In three years or so, grid-parity will be achieved, a point at which PV power pricing equals or falls under grid-power.
One thing is clear. If we allow Desertec to take off without us, we will see Africa split in two by energy and progress, and people driven yet farther towards the margins of the global economy because they failed to use their solar resource transform their energy supplies.
For further reading a discussion on the technology and possibilities of CSP, I recommend the Desertec-Africa site.
Many conflicts in the world today are related to the control and domination of energy resources, especially fossil fuels: Iraq vs. the world, Afghanistan as an access route to fields afar, Russia vs, Georgia, The Niger delta, ….
The sun cannot be dammed or cornered for the benefit of a region, company or individual. It shines for all, and anybody with the means is free to use it as he or she wishes. It is also virtually limitless.
Recent developments in solar energy have demonstrated that the ability to generate one’s own power from the sun translates into great freedom and progress, besides being a welcome relief to our environment. The idea of decentralization is seriously challenging the position of energy conglomerates globally.
Is Desertec an expensive attempt to restore the role of the central power company and to draw geopolitical boundaries around the greatest free resource on earth?
So, What’s Desertec?
Desertec is a project involving the construction of a network of solar-thermal electricity generation plants in the deserts of North Africa. High Voltage Direct Current transmission technology via underground and undersea cabling will deliver the electricity to Western European grids on the other side of the Mediterrenean Sea.
Map of the Sahara and Western Europe showing planned power grid.
Once up and running, the project plans to supply up to 15% of Europe’s needs and also serve lands from which the power originates.
The initial price tag on this project is €400 billion.
The genesis of the project was the founding of the Trans-Mediterranean Renewable Energy Cooperation (TREC) in 2003, an initiative of The Club of Rome, the Jordanian National Energy Research Center NERC, and the Hamburg Climate Protection Foundation HKF.
Who’s Desertec?
While German multinationals dominate the list, the project is backed by an awe-inspiring collective of founders and sponsors, all with strong global history and presence in the Energy field:
On the other side of the Miditerreanen, the list of committed Middle-East and Africa (MENA) participants is not yet entirely clear, but is expected to include Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Palestine, Jordan, Yemen, United Arab Emirates and Bahrain.
Desertec has campaigned remarkably well to market its project; it is all over the web! According to their site, endorsements have been obtained from many quarters, including Greenpeace in a document entitled Global Concentrating Solar Power Outlook 2009.
I found no explicit endorsement of the Desertec concept on the Greenpeace site or in the document. The Greenpeace paper is an appraisal of CSP technology in general, which I believe can be applied in local and small-scale projects.
Critics and detractors
The foremost critic of the Desertec project today is Dr. Hermann Scheer, German Social Democratic deputy and the man most credited with German’s success in the renewable energy field.
Dr. Hermann Scheer
Dr. Scheer is a strong proponent of decentralization of power. He has worked tirelessly to encourage the use of grid-tied PV systems and legislating generous feed-in tariffs that have made solar power an attractive option in Germany. Thanks to his efforts and those of other like him, the global market for PV panels and related products has grown tremendously, as witnessed in the 24th PV Conference and Exhibition in Hamburg (see previos blog).
The German approach has been emulated in many other countries with similar results.
[Significant note here: Dr. Herman favours photovoltaics, which turn light into electrical energy, while the proponents of Desertec, led by Dr. Gerhard Knies, mainly come from the world of CSP (Concentrated Solar Power), a technology that harnesses the heat of the sun.]
So, on which points does Dr. Scheer fault Desertec?
Inherently Eurocentric, Destertec aims to feed European power hunger instead of helping Africa attain energy self-sufficiency;
The €400 billion price-tag is extremely high, and planners understate the true price of infrastructure to Europe;
The projected 15% of European power demand Desertec intends to fill could easily be met through existing technology and infrastructure. He cites the German success: since 2000, that same 15% has been achieved with a mere €80 billion;
Merits of decentralization have been demonstrated, while Desertec will result in base-power stations under controle of governments or multinational companies, a model that has vulnerabilities and negative implications for consumers;
The common desire of German municipalities is to work towards “100 per cent electricity supply generated from local and regional sources by 2030 at the latest”. The Renewable Energy Sources Act is already in place to ensure the success of the decentralization movement;
The ability of producers in a centralized system to pass added value on to the consumer is not guaranteed by Desertec, versus the benefits of localised generation, where the value added directly accrues to the local producers.
Is this the voice of a man defending his political territory and technological preferences to the hilt, or that of a sincere believer in affordable solar power for ALL? I hope that the latter case holds true, and that he can help achieve the results he has achieved in Germany in Africa and Kenya!
The journey from Amsterdam to Hamburg was in an intercity train that reaches the frontier in just 2 hours and enters Germany at Bad Bentheim. After a changeover in Osnabrück, the journey continues in a north-easterly direction, via Bremen and finally in Hamburg.
Impressions of the city
Late arrival and the distance to my suburban hotel made a visit to the exhibition on day one impossible. I opted to rest my travel-weary bones and attack the event early on Tuesday.
The city of Hamburg boasts an excellent public transport network, consisting of an elaborate underground light-rail system with its heart the Hauptbahnhof, or Central Station, complemented by efficient buses and taxis.
Hauptbahnhof: the nerve centre of city transport.
Since my mission was hardly recreational, I could only marvel at the beautiful architecture and wonder what the city had in store for one with more time…
Conference Center & Exhibition areas
The Hamburg Messe is a massive world-class conference and exhibition complex right in the middle of the city and only one metro stop from the central station, yet set in the midst of lush green parks and recreational facilities.
Past the conference centre, to the exhibition.
Main entrance.
The conference centre also has its own exhibition halls and a five-star hotel. I was unfortunately not one of the 4,300 lucky conference participants.
Some facts and figures:
Conference & exhibition area
Trade fairs and exhibitions: approx. 50 / year
Exhibitors: approx. 12,000 / year
Visitors: approx. 900,000 / year
Rented gross area: approx. 950.000 M2
Exhibition halls
Capacity: 11 halls
Gross area: 87,000 M2
Hall areas: 2,940 – 12,990 M2
Hall heights: 6.00 – approx. 18.00 m
Outdoor area: 10,000 M2
Impressions of The Exhibition
There were close to 1,000 exhibitors, with roughly 50% from outside Germany, representing every aspect of the photovoltaic industry. The Closing report puts the visitor total at 40,000.
I gawked at machines for the production of solar cells, high-tech robots for the assembly, lamination and testing of panels, and computer-guided equipment that chases the sun across the heavens to suck in every little ray of energy.
Silicone cabide, a high-tech abrasive
There were many cutting-edge exhibitors, boasting futuristic technologies. For instance, US-based Kornarka is developing organic photovoltaics: plastic sheets that can be sewn onto textiles or used as carport roofs to generate electricity. Cost-effective thin film technology also enjoyed as much attention as traditional silicon-wafer based products.
Kornarka's Power Plastic
As expected, the Chinese were there in force, displaying product lines – and prices – to rival the best of Europe and North America.
Asia was further represented by firms from Korea, India, Japan
While there are still production lines that employ manual labour for the soldering process, automation is now very common in high labour cost regions, but also in factories that seek perfection and consistency in the quality of their product.
Italy’s EcoProgetti, represented by Mr. Alide Montanari, who proudly showcased one of their machines and patienly explained the technology involved:
Eco Progetti's turn-key laser soldering machine.
Contacts galore
BP-Solar, Kyocera, Siemens and Q-Cells (the world leader in solar cell production), had very busy stalls; lots of negotiation going on in secluded booths, with busy hostesses keeping refreshments topped up.
Luckily, all sizes were representd and it was quite easy to approach booth-holders and get valuable information and tips.
Also present were development-oriented organizations, such as the Brussels-based Alliance for Rural Electrification (ARE) and the Dutch research outfit ECN . These organizations will be critical in the process of helping less developed regions join the solar revolution.
Conclusion
This event affirmed that solar energy has come of age. My blog covers but a fraction of the activity that took place in Hamburg.
Walking through those vast halls and speaking to solar entrepreneurs of diverse pluimage, I couldn’t help asking myself: where is Africa in all this? Solar energy has come of age, and the continent risks being left behind while the sunshine there surpasses all those nations whose solar technology is charging into the future.
Just before I left, I managed to talk to two visitors from Nigeria and Cameroon. Both share my opinion that Africa seriously needs to enjoin the solar revolution, be it through participation in the ambitious Desertec intitiative, or by promoting off-grid solutions in a scale appropriate for the continent.
300 e-mails in my in-box from China, and at least 3 phone-calls a week from the 086 country code. This is the result of placing an inquiry on a Chinese trade directory….. and I’m yet to start my business.
The offers are extremely hard to evaluate, because they all cut to the quick: buy from me/us, we’re very cheap, but often leave many critical details out. Am I dealing with a factory or a middleman? What does the seemingly low price of $1.75 per Watt/peak not cover? Why do I have to order at least a 20-foot container, and pay 30-50% up front?
There is a rising chorus of allegations that Chinese manufacturers, bolstered by a very supportive government, are aggressively working towards market domination in the green-energy sector.
In a world where solar-energy has failed to take off because it remains a relatively costly investment compared to fossil-fuel or hydro alternatives, I am convinced that hotter competition is the only way to break the stalemate. I welcome China’s entry wholeheartedly!
The Chinese drive is fueled by domestic pressures: feeding, housing and clothing 1.3 billion people is no easy task. The other motor for China is the growing economic and technological might. Years of economic liberalization, export-oriented policies and a protected yuan (Renminbi/RMB) has led to China having vast reserves of hard dollars. This cash enables China to woo the best technology partners in the solar field, and an increasingly favourable foreign investment climate is doing the rest.
So, with so much Chinese activity in cell manufacture, solar panel assembly and trade, is their quality at par with the German or Japanese product?
Up to now, I have had mixed results in my searches. There are companies that have matched and possibly surpassed their European counterparts, but there are also a lot of smaller palyers whose quality has to be carefully scrutinised before a buyer agrees to accept a 40-foot continer FOB Shanghai. The offers that seem too good to be true in comparison with global prices may be just that.
The upcoming exhibition in Hamburg will be a chance to evaluate the Chinese offers and also talk to real users of the products.
This leading prime event brings together the who’s who of the photovoltaic industry. At the Exhibition you will find international manufacturers of PV modules and components, manufacturers of production equipment, supply industry, PV system companies and distributors, PV installation companies, PV project development companies, research and testing institutes and engineering consultancies.
The Exhibition is free of charge for visitors.
The opening hours of the Exhibition are from Monday 21st Sept. 2009 until Thursday 24th Sept. 2009 from 09:00 until 18:00 o’clock.
Parallel to the 24th European Photovoltaic Exhibition the 24th European Photovoltaic Conference takes place, which is the most important international Conference in the field of Photovoltaics.
This constellation generates the procreative combination of industry and science that makes the EU PVSEC the most inspiring platform for the global PV Solar Sector.
A newbie like me cannot afford the steep fees that conference attendance requires, and I admit that I just got wind of it only yesterday.
Like a mad man, I spent hours trying to book a hotel in Hamburg, and discovered that every room in the city is spoken for! So I widened my search bit by bit, and ended up finding a room in a place about 20km away, but within reach of public transport. In other words, on the spur of the moment, I decided to go headfirst into the fascinating world of solar energy.
Persistence prevailed. My excitement knows no bounds as I have managed to put together a late-comer’s improvised arrangement and will be in Hamburg on the 21st to 23rd of September.
I’ll be content to spend a day and a half in the exhibition halls. That in itself would help me move from the dream of getting into solar and merely theorizing about possibilities, into a position where I can evaluate real opportunities, weigh the costs and benefits, and perhaps think up my own unique approach to the solar revolution.
What do I hope to get for my journey:
I will see solar panels, inverters, charge-controllers in real life;
Talk and network with people who design, manufacture and market solar solution;
Meet and greet real Chinese manufaturers and get rid of my fears after the 300+ e-mail offers;
Begin to get a concrete idea of the configurations that would work for my business;
If permitted, take original pictures of solar equipment to use for my website in the future;
Inspiration and motivation to get out there and do it!
In the coming days, expect some first-hand information about Hamburg, the German success with solar, and musings about how Africa and Kenya could harness the sun and decrease the dependence on paraffin and wood fuels.
Local ingenuity brings homegrown electricity to Kenyan communities.
When Nyaga Ndiga was a young boy growing up on the slopes of Mount Kenya, he was fascinated with electricity. Whenever he could get hold of metal wires or batteries, he hid them under his bed until he had enough for his Sanduku, the box holding his clothing and blankets. He adapted it so that when he opened the lid, wires connected and a light went on. Thereafter, Ndiga became widely known as “Nyaga with the light box.”
It’s not surprising that Ndiga, now in his thirties, is an electrician. He’s also at the helm of what’s probably the first real community-driven micro-hydroelectricity project in the region. The goal is to build three turbines, each with the capacity to light about 800 households in Kiangurwe, a coffee-growing community in the southern area of Mount Kenya. The first turbine will be completed in 2008.
“When people visit the projects, they can’t believe what they see because it’s all done without outside engineers,” explains Joost de Laat, an assistant professor in the Department of Economics at the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) who has come onboard to evaluate the project’s impact on the community. “We’ve had outside engineers visit the projects, and not a single one of them understands how they were able to put all this together.”
It is not unusual to find discarded batteries in the most inappropriate of places in Kenya. Here is a particularly poignant example:
Menengai Crater, Nakuru: dry-cell batteries left to leak their toxic contents into the aarth.
Invariably, the dry-cell gets exhausted and a new set has to be loaded into the radio or flashlight. There are no collection points or guidelines about safe disposal or recycling of such batteries. Additionally, it is unlikely that the users are aware of the chemical contents or understand the environmental impact of simply throwing away dry-cells.
What a relief for nature it would be if we were to encourage and avail devices that could run on solar energy!
Fortunately, there is already a small scale and very successful project taking place right now in the famous Kibera slums:
Such initiatives need to be encouraged and emulated. Not only do they help Kenyans reduce their dependence on the toxic dry-cell while exploiting the free sun, but they also gradually educate people to realise that ‘disposable’ is not always a good thing for the environment.
